Image Model¶

@misc{oquab2023dinov2,
      title={DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision},
      author={Maxime Oquab and Timothée Darcet and Théo Moutakanni and Huy Vo and Marc Szafraniec and Vasil Khalidov and Pierre Fernandez and Daniel Haziza and Francisco Massa and Alaaeldin El-Nouby and Mahmoud Assran and Nicolas Ballas and Wojciech Galuba and Russell Howes and Po-Yao Huang and Shang-Wen Li and Ishan Misra and Michael Rabbat and Vasu Sharma and Gabriel Synnaeve and Hu Xu and Hervé Jegou and Julien Mairal and Patrick Labatut and Armand Joulin and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2304.07193},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{oquab2023dinov2,
      title={DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision},
      author={Maxime Oquab and Timothée Darcet and Théo Moutakanni and Huy Vo and Marc Szafraniec and Vasil Khalidov and Pierre Fernandez and Daniel Haziza and Francisco Massa and Alaaeldin El-Nouby and Mahmoud Assran and Nicolas Ballas and Wojciech Galuba and Russell Howes and Po-Yao Huang and Shang-Wen Li and Ishan Misra and Michael Rabbat and Vasu Sharma and Gabriel Synnaeve and Hu Xu and Hervé Jegou and Julien Mairal and Patrick Labatut and Armand Joulin and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2304.07193},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{oquab2023dinov2,
      title={DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision},
      author={Maxime Oquab and Timothée Darcet and Théo Moutakanni and Huy Vo and Marc Szafraniec and Vasil Khalidov and Pierre Fernandez and Daniel Haziza and Francisco Massa and Alaaeldin El-Nouby and Mahmoud Assran and Nicolas Ballas and Wojciech Galuba and Russell Howes and Po-Yao Huang and Shang-Wen Li and Ishan Misra and Michael Rabbat and Vasu Sharma and Gabriel Synnaeve and Hu Xu and Hervé Jegou and Julien Mairal and Patrick Labatut and Armand Joulin and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2304.07193},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{oquab2023dinov2,
      title={DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision},
      author={Maxime Oquab and Timothée Darcet and Théo Moutakanni and Huy Vo and Marc Szafraniec and Vasil Khalidov and Pierre Fernandez and Daniel Haziza and Francisco Massa and Alaaeldin El-Nouby and Mahmoud Assran and Nicolas Ballas and Wojciech Galuba and Russell Howes and Po-Yao Huang and Shang-Wen Li and Ishan Misra and Michael Rabbat and Vasu Sharma and Gabriel Synnaeve and Hu Xu and Hervé Jegou and Julien Mairal and Patrick Labatut and Armand Joulin and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2304.07193},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@article{fan2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  author={David Fan and Shengbang Tong and Jiachen Zhu and Koustuv Sinha and Zhuang Liu and Xinlei Chen and Michael Rabbat and Nicolas Ballas and Yann LeCun and Amir Bar and Saining Xie},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2504.01017},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@Article{chen2021mocov3,
    author  = {Xinlei Chen* and Saining Xie* and Kaiming He},
    title   = {An Empirical Study of Training Self-Supervised Vision Transformers},
    journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.02057},
    year    = {2021},
}

@Article{chen2021mocov3,
    author  = {Xinlei Chen* and Saining Xie* and Kaiming He},
    title   = {An Empirical Study of Training Self-Supervised Vision Transformers},
    journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.02057},
    year    = {2021},
}

@misc{zhang2026penguinvlexploringefficiencylimits,
    title={Penguin-VL: Exploring the Efficiency Limits of VLM with LLM-based Vision Encoders},
    author={Boqiang Zhang and Lei Ke and Ruihan Yang and Qi Gao and Tianyuan Qu and Rossell Chen and Dong Yu and Leoweiliang},
    year={2026},
    eprint={2603.06569},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CV},
    url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.06569},
}