Image Model¶

@article{oquab2023dinov2,
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  author = {Maxime Oquab and Timoth{\'e}e Darcet and Th{\'e}o Moutakanni and Huy V. Vo and Marc Szafraniec and Vasil Khalidov and Pierre Fernandez and Daniel HAZIZA and Francisco Massa and Alaaeldin El-Nouby and Mido Assran and Nicolas Ballas and Wojciech Galuba and Russell Howes and Po-Yao Huang and Shang-Wen Li and Ishan Misra and Michael Rabbat and Vasu Sharma and Gabriel Synnaeve and Hu Xu and Herve Jegou and Julien Mairal and Patrick Labatut and Armand Joulin and Piotr Bojanowski},
  eprint = {2304.07193},
  issn = {2835-8856},
  journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
  note = {Featured Certification},
  title = {{DINO}v2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision},
  url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=a68SUt6zFt},
  year = {2024},
}

@article{oquab2023dinov2,
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  author = {Maxime Oquab and Timoth{\'e}e Darcet and Th{\'e}o Moutakanni and Huy V. Vo and Marc Szafraniec and Vasil Khalidov and Pierre Fernandez and Daniel HAZIZA and Francisco Massa and Alaaeldin El-Nouby and Mido Assran and Nicolas Ballas and Wojciech Galuba and Russell Howes and Po-Yao Huang and Shang-Wen Li and Ishan Misra and Michael Rabbat and Vasu Sharma and Gabriel Synnaeve and Hu Xu and Herve Jegou and Julien Mairal and Patrick Labatut and Armand Joulin and Piotr Bojanowski},
  eprint = {2304.07193},
  issn = {2835-8856},
  journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
  note = {Featured Certification},
  title = {{DINO}v2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision},
  url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=a68SUt6zFt},
  year = {2024},
}

@article{oquab2023dinov2,
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  author = {Maxime Oquab and Timoth{\'e}e Darcet and Th{\'e}o Moutakanni and Huy V. Vo and Marc Szafraniec and Vasil Khalidov and Pierre Fernandez and Daniel HAZIZA and Francisco Massa and Alaaeldin El-Nouby and Mido Assran and Nicolas Ballas and Wojciech Galuba and Russell Howes and Po-Yao Huang and Shang-Wen Li and Ishan Misra and Michael Rabbat and Vasu Sharma and Gabriel Synnaeve and Hu Xu and Herve Jegou and Julien Mairal and Patrick Labatut and Armand Joulin and Piotr Bojanowski},
  eprint = {2304.07193},
  issn = {2835-8856},
  journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
  note = {Featured Certification},
  title = {{DINO}v2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision},
  url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=a68SUt6zFt},
  year = {2024},
}

@article{oquab2023dinov2,
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  author = {Maxime Oquab and Timoth{\'e}e Darcet and Th{\'e}o Moutakanni and Huy V. Vo and Marc Szafraniec and Vasil Khalidov and Pierre Fernandez and Daniel HAZIZA and Francisco Massa and Alaaeldin El-Nouby and Mido Assran and Nicolas Ballas and Wojciech Galuba and Russell Howes and Po-Yao Huang and Shang-Wen Li and Ishan Misra and Michael Rabbat and Vasu Sharma and Gabriel Synnaeve and Hu Xu and Herve Jegou and Julien Mairal and Patrick Labatut and Armand Joulin and Piotr Bojanowski},
  eprint = {2304.07193},
  issn = {2835-8856},
  journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
  note = {Featured Certification},
  title = {{DINO}v2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision},
  url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=a68SUt6zFt},
  year = {2024},
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@misc{simeoni2025dinov3,
      title={DINOv3},
      author={Oriane Simeoni and Huy V. Vo and Maximilian Seitzer and Federico Baldassarre and Maxime Oquab and Cijo Jose and Vasil Khalidov and Marc Szafraniec and Seungeun Yi and Michael Ramamonjisoa and Francisco Massa and Daniel Haziza and Luca Wehrstedt and Jianyuan Wang and Timothee Darcet and Theo Moutakanni and Leonel Sentana and Claire Roberts and Andrea Vedaldi and Jamie Tolan and John Brandt and Camille Couprie and Julien Mairal and Herve Jegou and Patrick Labatut and Piotr Bojanowski},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2508.10104},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@inproceedings{fan2025scaling,
  author = {Fan, David and Tong, Shengbang and Zhu, Jiachen and Sinha, Koustuv and Liu, Zhuang and Chen, Xinlei and Rabbat, Michael and Ballas, Nicolas and LeCun, Yann and Bar, Amir and Xie, Saining},
  booktitle = {2025 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {1–13},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv51701.2025.00042},
  year = {2025},
}

@InProceedings{Ranzinger_2024_CVPR,
    author    = {Ranzinger, Mike and Heinrich, Greg and Kautz, Jan and Molchanov, Pavlo},
    title     = {AM-RADIO: Agglomerative Vision Foundation Model Reduce All Domains Into One},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
    month     = {June},
    year      = {2024},
    pages     = {12490-12500}
}

@InProceedings{Ranzinger_2024_CVPR,
    author    = {Ranzinger, Mike and Heinrich, Greg and Kautz, Jan and Molchanov, Pavlo},
    title     = {AM-RADIO: Agglomerative Vision Foundation Model Reduce All Domains Into One},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
    month     = {June},
    year      = {2024},
    pages     = {12490-12500}
}

@InProceedings{Ranzinger_2024_CVPR,
    author    = {Ranzinger, Mike and Heinrich, Greg and Kautz, Jan and Molchanov, Pavlo},
    title     = {AM-RADIO: Agglomerative Vision Foundation Model Reduce All Domains Into One},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
    month     = {June},
    year      = {2024},
    pages     = {12490-12500}
}

@inproceedings{chen2021mocov3,
  author = {Chen, Xinlei and Xie, Saining and He, Kaiming},
  booktitle = {2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00950},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {9620–9629},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {An Empirical Study of Training Self-Supervised Vision Transformers},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00950},
  year = {2021},
}

@inproceedings{chen2021mocov3,
  author = {Chen, Xinlei and Xie, Saining and He, Kaiming},
  booktitle = {2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  doi = {10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00950},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {9620–9629},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  title = {An Empirical Study of Training Self-Supervised Vision Transformers},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00950},
  year = {2021},
}

@misc{zhang2026penguinvlexploringefficiencylimits,
    title={Penguin-VL: Exploring the Efficiency Limits of VLM with LLM-based Vision Encoders},
    author={Boqiang Zhang and Lei Ke and Ruihan Yang and Qi Gao and Tianyuan Qu and Rossell Chen and Dong Yu and Leoweiliang},
    year={2026},
    eprint={2603.06569},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CV},
    url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.06569},
}